Amakuru

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Gusaba itumanaho rya telefoni zigendanwa kwiyongera byatumye habaho ikoranabuhanga ritagira insinga (G), rishobora kugira ingaruka zitandukanye ku buryo bw'ibinyabuzima. Kugira ngo tubigereho, twagaragaje ko imbeba zishobora guhura n'ikibazo cy'ihindagurika ry'igihe kirekire rya 4G (LTE)-1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) mu gihe cy'amasaha 2. Hanyuma twasuzumye ingaruka z'uburozi bw'ubwonko buterwa na lipopolysaccharide ku bijyanye no gukwirakwira kw'ahantu hanini ha microglia no gukora electrophysiological neuronal activity muri primary auditory cortex (ACx). Impuzandengo ya SAR muri ACx ni 0.5 W/kg. Amajwi menshi agaragaza ko LTE-EMF itera kugabanuka k'ubukana bw'igisubizo ku majwi meza n'amajwi karemano, mu gihe kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'amajwi ku mivuduko yo hasi no hagati. IbImmunohistochemistry ya Iba1 nta mpinduka yagaragaje mu gace gatwikiriwe n'imibiri mito n'imikorere. Mu mbeba nzima, LTE imwe ntiyateje impinduka mu bukana bw'igisubizo no mu mivuduko y'amajwi. Amakuru yacu agaragaza ko uburozi bw'ubwonko butera neurons LTE-EMF guhinduka, bigatuma habaho impinduka mu mikorere y'amajwi muri ACx.
Imiterere y’amashanyarazi mu bantu yahindutse cyane mu myaka mirongo itatu ishize bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’itumanaho rikoresha insinga. Muri iki gihe, abantu barenga bibiri bya gatatu bafatwa nk’abakoresha telefoni zigendanwa (MP). Ikwirakwira ry’iri koranabuhanga ryateje impungenge n’impaka ku ngaruka zishobora guterwa n’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi ikoresha insinga (EMFs) mu buryo bw’umuvuduko wa radiyo (RF), itangwa na MP cyangwa stations z’ibanze kandi ikanashyiraho uburyo bwo gutumanaho. Iki kibazo cy’ubuzima rusange cyateye imbaraga ubushakashatsi bwinshi bw’igerageza bwibanda ku ngaruka zo kwinjiza radio mu turemangingo tw’ibinyabuzima1. Bumwe muri ubu bushakashatsi bwashakishije impinduka mu mikorere y’imiyoboro y’ubwonko n’imikorere y’ubwonko, bitewe n’uko ubwonko bwegereye amasoko ya RF bitewe n’ikoreshwa rya MP. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwatangajwe buvuga ku ngaruka z’ibimenyetso bya modulated pulse bikoreshwa mu buryo bwa kabiri (2G) ku isi hose mu itumanaho rya telefoni zigendanwa (GSM) cyangwa mu buryo bwa wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/mu buryo bwa gatatu bw’itumanaho rya telefoni zigendanwa (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2,3,4,5. Nta byinshi bizwi ku ngaruka z’ibimenyetso bya radio bikoreshwa mu buryo bwa telefoni zigendanwa zo mu gisekuru cya kane (4G), zishingiye ku Ikoranabuhanga rya Interineti rya elegitoroniki ryitwa Long Term Evolution (LTE). Serivisi ya LTE yatangijwe mu 2011, yitezweho kugera ku bakoresha LTE ku isi miliyari 6.6 muri Mutarama 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com). Ugereranyije na sisitemu za GSM (2G) na WCDMA (3G) zishingiye kuri gahunda ya modulation y’imodoka imwe, LTE ikoresha Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) nk'uburyo bw'ibanze bw'ikimenyetso6. Ku isi yose, serivisi za LTE zigendanwa zikoresha ubwoko butandukanye bw'imirongo iri hagati ya 450 na 3700 MHz, harimo n'imirongo ya 900 na 1800 MHz nayo ikoreshwa muri GSM.
Ubushobozi bwo kwibasirwa na RF mu mikorere ya biyoloji buterwa ahanini n'igipimo cyihariye cyo kwibasirwa n'amaraso (SAR) kigaragara muri W/kg, gipima ingufu zinjira mu mubiri. Ingaruka zo kwibasirwa n'amajwi mu minota 30 ku minota 2.573 GHz LTE ku bikorwa by'imitsi y'ubwonko ku isi ziherutse kuvumburwa mu bantu bazima. Hakoreshejwe fMRI yo kuruhuka, byagaragaye ko kwibasirwa na LTE bishobora gutera ihindagurika ryihuse ry'impinduka no guhinduka mu mikoranire y'umubiri hagati y'abantu cyangwa hagati y'uturere, mu gihe urugero rwa SAR rw'impinduka mu mwanya wa 10 g rw'umubiri rwagereranyijwe hagati ya 0.42 na 1.52 W/kg, nk'uko ingingo za 7, 8, 9 zibivuga. Isesengura rya EEG mu bihe bisa byo kwibasirwa (igihe cy'iminota 30, urugero rwa SAR rw'impinduka rwa 1.34 W/kg hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cy'umutwe w'umuntu) byagaragaje kugabanuka kw'imbaraga za spectral n'ubufatanye mu mitsi ya alpha na beta. Ariko, ubundi bushakashatsi bubiri bushingiye ku isesengura rya EEG bwagaragaje ko iminota 20 cyangwa 30 yo kwibasirwa n'amajwi mu mutwe wa LTE, hamwe n'urugero ntarengwa rwa SAR rwo mu gace rushyirwa kuri 2 W/kg, nta na kimwe cyagize. ingaruka zishobora kugaragara11 cyangwa zatumye imbaraga za spectral muri alpha band zigabanuka, mu gihe ubushobozi bwo kumenya ibintu butahindutse mu mikorere yapimwe hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya Stroop 12. Itandukaniro rikomeye ryabonetse kandi mu bisubizo bya EEG cyangwa ubushakashatsi bwo gutekereza cyane cyane ku ngaruka zo kwigaragaza kwa GSM cyangwa UMTS EMF. Bikekwa ko bituruka ku ihindagurika mu miterere y'uburyo n'ibipimo by'igerageza, harimo ubwoko bw'ibimenyetso n'impinduka, ubukana bw'ishusho n'igihe byamaze, cyangwa bitewe n'ubusumbane mu bantu ukurikije imyaka, imiterere y'umubiri, cyangwa igitsina.
Kugeza ubu, ubushakashatsi buke bw’inyamaswa bwakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo kwibasirwa n’ibimenyetso bya LTE bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’ubwonko. Biherutse kuvugwa ko kwibasirwa n’imbeba zikiri mu nda kuva mu ntangiriro y’ikigero cyo kubyara kugeza igihe zikiri mu nda (iminota 30 ku munsi, iminsi 5 mu cyumweru, hamwe n’ikigereranyo cya SAR y’umubiri wose cya 0.5 cyangwa 1 W/kg) byagize ingaruka ku mikorere y’umubiri no ku byifuzo mu gihe cy’ubukure. 14. Kwibasirwa n’imbeba zikuze kenshi (ha 2 ku munsi mu gihe cy’ibyumweru 6) byagaragaye ko bitera oxidative stress no kugabanya uburebure bw’ubushobozi bwo kubona buturuka mu mitsi y’amaso, aho SAR ntarengwa iteganijwe kuba iri hasi ya 10 mW/kg15.
Uretse isesengura ku bipimo byinshi, harimo n'urwego rw'uturemangingo n'uturemangingo, ingero z'imbeba zishobora kwifashishwa mu kwiga ingaruka zo guhura na RF mu gihe cy'indwara, nk'uko byari byibanze kuri GSM cyangwa WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF mu rwego rwo kubyimba mu bwonko. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ingaruka z'igicuri, indwara zo kwangirika kw'imitsi cyangwa glioma 16,17,18,19,20.
Imbeba ziterwa na Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ni icyitegererezo cya kera cyo gutanga ibisubizo by’ububyimbirwe bw’ubwonko bifitanye isano n’indwara zandura ziterwa na virusi cyangwa bagiteri zigira ingaruka ku baturage benshi buri mwaka. Iyi ndwara yo kubyimbirwa itera indwara ishobora guhinduka ndetse n’indwara yo kwiheba irangwa no kugira umuriro, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, no kugabanuka k’imikoranire n’abandi. Ingirabuzimafatizo za CNS nka microglia ni zo ngirabuzimafatizo z’ingenzi zikora iyi ndwara yo kubyimbirwa. Kuvura imbeba hakoreshejwe LPS bitera gukora kwa microglia irangwa no kuvugurura imiterere yazo n’imikorere yazo hamwe n’impinduka zikomeye mu miterere ya transcriptome, harimo no kongera imiterere ya za gene zikora za cytokine cyangwa enzymes zitera ububyimbirwe, zigira ingaruka ku miyoboro y’imitsi. Ibikorwa 22, 23, 24.
Mu kwiga ingaruka zo guhura n’umuvuduko wa GSM-1800 MHz mu mbeba zavuwe na LPS mu masaha 2, twasanze GSM itera imikorere y’uturemangingo mu gice cy’ubwonko, bigira ingaruka ku miterere y’uturemangingo, phosphorylation ya glutamate receptor, neurons Meta-evoked firing hamwe n’imiterere ya microglia mu gice cy’ubwonko. Izi ngaruka ntizabonetse mu mbeba nzima zabonye imikorere imwe ya GSM, bigaragaza ko imiterere y’ubwonko iterwa na LPS ituma uturemangingo twa CNS turushaho kumva imikorere ya GSM. Twibanda ku gice cy’ubwonko cy’amatwi (ACx) cy’imbeba zavuwe na LPS, aho impuzandengo ya SAR yo mu gace yari 1.55 W/kg, twabonye ko imikorere ya GSM yatumye habaho kwiyongera k’uburebure cyangwa amashami ya microglial ndetse no kugabanuka k’imikorere y’ubwonko iterwa n’amajwi meza na .Natural Stimulation 28.
Mu bushakashatsi buriho ubu, twari tugamije gusuzuma niba kwibasirwa n'ibimenyetso bya LTE-1800 MHz mu mutwe gusa bishobora no guhindura imiterere ya mikoroglia n'imikorere y'imitsi muri ACx, bikagabanya imbaraga zo kwibasirwa nabyo ku kigero cya bibiri bya gatatu. Aha ngaha tugaragaza ko kwibasirwa na LTE nta ngaruka byagize ku mikorere ya mikoroglia ariko byanateye igabanuka rikomeye ry'imikorere ya cortical iterwa n'amajwi muri ACx y'imbeba zavuwe na LPS zifite agaciro ka SAR ka 0.5 W/kg.
Dukurikije ibimenyetso byatanzwe mbere byerekana ko kwibasirwa na GSM-1800 MHz byahinduye imiterere ya mikoroglia bitewe n’indwara zitera ububyimbirwe, twakoze ubushakashatsi kuri iyi ngaruka nyuma yo kwibasirwa n’ibimenyetso bya LTE.
Imbeba zikuze zatewe LPS amasaha 24 mbere yo guhura n’agakoko gatera uburozi mu mutwe gusa cyangwa guhura na LTE-1800 MHz. Nyuma yo guhura n’agakoko gatera uburozi mu mutwe, hagaragaye ibisubizo bya LPS mu bwonko, nk’uko bigaragazwa no kwiyongera kwa genes zitera uburozi ndetse n’impinduka mu miterere ya microglia ya cortical (Ishusho ya 1). Ingufu zagaragajwe n’umutwe wa LTE zashyizwe ku rugero rwa SAR rwa 0.5 W/kg muri ACx (Ishusho ya 2). Kugira ngo tumenye niba microglia ikoreshwa na LPS yari ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana na LTE EMF, twasesenguye ibice bya cortical byandujwe na anti-Iba1 byatoranyije utu tunyangingo. Nkuko bigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 3a, mu bice bya ACx byashyizweho amasaha 3 kugeza kuri 4 nyuma yo guhura na sham cyangwa LTE, microglia yasaga neza cyane, igaragaza imiterere y’utunyangingo "dusa n’uturemangingo" twatewe no kuvura LPS (Ishusho ya 1). Bijyanye no kutagira ibisubizo bya morphological, isesengura ry’ishusho ry’ingano ryagaragaje ko nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu buso bwose (ikizamini cya t kidahujwe, p = 0.308) cyangwa agace (p = 0.196) n'ubucucike (p = 0.061) bw'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwa Iba1 iyo ugereranije uburyo bwo guhura n'uturemangingo twa Iba 1 twanduye mu mbeba za LTE ugereranije n'inyamaswa zanduye (Ishusho ya 3b-d).
Ingaruka zo guterwa ip na LPS ku miterere ya microglia ya cortical. Ishusho igaragaza microglia mu gice cy’ubwonko cya cortex y’ubwonko (akarere k’inyuma) amasaha 24 nyuma yo guterwa LPS cyangwa imodoka (igenzura) mu nda y’umurambo. Uturemangingo twasizwe ibara ry’umurwayi wa anti-Iba1 nkuko byasobanuwe mbere. Ubuvuzi bwa LPS butera ububyimbirwe bwatumye habaho impinduka mu miterere ya microglia, harimo no kwiyongera kw’uturemangingo no kwiyongera kw’amashami magufi y’imikorere y’uturemangingo, bigatuma habaho ishusho "imeze nk'iy’umubyimba". Ingano: 20 µm.
Isesengura rya dosimetric ry’umuvuduko wihariye wo kwinjiza (SAR) mu bwonko bw’imbeba mu gihe cyo guhura na 1800 MHz LTE. Icyitegererezo cy’imbeba na antene ya loop62 cyasobanuwe mbere cyakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma SAR yo mu bwonko, hamwe n’urusobe rwa cubic rwa 0.5 mm3. (a) Ishusho rusange y’icyitegererezo cy’imbeba mu buryo bwo guhura na antene ya loop hejuru y’umutwe n’icyuma gishyushya (umuhondo) munsi y’umubiri. (b) Ikwirakwizwa ry’agaciro ka SAR mu bwonko bw’abantu bakuru ku gipimo cya 0.5 mm3. Agace kagabanijwe n’umurongo w’umukara mu gice cya sagittal gahuye n’agace k’imbere k’amatwi aho ibikorwa bya mikoroglia n’imitsi bisesengurwa. Igipimo cy’amabara cy’agaciro ka SAR gikoreshwa ku mibare yose igaragazwa ku ishusho.
Microglia yatewe na LPS muri cortex y’amatwi nyuma yo guhura na LTE cyangwa Sham. (a) Ishusho igaragara ya microglia yandujwe na anti-Iba1 antibody mu bice bya cortex y’amatwi ya LPS amasaha 3 kugeza kuri 4 nyuma yo guhura na Sham cyangwa LTE (igaragara). Igipimo cy’umunzani: 20 µm. (bd) Isuzuma rya morphometric rya microglia amasaha 3 kugeza kuri 4 nyuma yo guhura na sham (udutobe dufunguye) cyangwa guhura na LTE (udutobe tw’umukara twagaragaye). (b, c) Ubuso bw’ahantu (b) bw’ikimenyetso cya microglia Iba1 n’uduce tw’uturemangingo twa Iba1-positive (c). Amakuru agaragaza agace k’amatwi ka anti-Iba1 gasanzwe ku mpuzandengo y’inyamaswa zandujwe na Sham. (d) Umubare w’uturemangingo twa microglial twandujwe na anti-Iba1. Itandukaniro hagati y’inyamaswa za Sham (n = 5) na LTE (n = 6) ntabwo ryari rinini (p > 0.05, ikizamini cya t kidahujwe). Hejuru no hepfo by’agasanduku, imirongo yo hejuru n’iyo hasi igaragaza Ijanisha rya 25-75 na Ijanisha rya 5-95, uko bikurikirana. Agaciro k'impuzandengo kanditswe mu ibara ry'umutuku mu gasanduku.
Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza muri make imibare y'inyamaswa n'amajwi menshi yabonetse mu gice cy'ibanze cy'amatwi cy'amatsinda ane y'imbeba (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS). Mu bisubizo biri hepfo, dushyiramo amajwi yose agaragaza urwego runini rw'amajwi (STRF), ni ukuvuga ibisubizo by'amajwi byibuze 6 bisumba ibipimo byo kurasa mu buryo bwihuse (reba Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Dukoresheje iki gipimo, twahisemo amajwi 266 y'itsinda rya Sham, amajwi 273 y'itsinda rya Exposed, amajwi 299 y'itsinda rya Sham-LPS, n'amajwi 295 y'itsinda rya Exposed-LPS.
Mu ngingo zikurikira, tuzabanza gusobanura ibipimo byakuwe mu gice cy’ikirahure cya spectral-temporal (ni ukuvuga igisubizo ku majwi meza) n’igisubizo ku ijwi ryihariye rya xenogeneic. Hanyuma tuzasobanura isuzuma ry’agace k’ikirahure cyabonetse kuri buri tsinda. Dukurikije ko hari "amakuru yashyizwe mu byiciro"30 mu igerageza ryacu, isesengura ryose rya statisitiki ryakozwe hashingiwe ku mubare w’imyanya iri mu gice cy’ikirahure cya electrode (umurongo wa nyuma mu mbonerahamwe ya 1), ariko ingaruka zose zavuzwe hano hepfo nazo zashingiye ku mubare w’imyanya muri buri tsinda. Umubare wose w’amajwi yakusanyijwe (umurongo wa gatatu mu mbonerahamwe ya 1).
Ishusho ya 4a igaragaza uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza ingano (BF, bigatanga igisubizo ntarengwa kuri 75 dB SPL) bya neuron za cortical zabonetse muri Sham yavuwe na LPS n'inyamaswa zagaragaye. Ingano ya BF muri ayo matsinda yombi yakuwe kuri 1 kHz igera kuri 36 kHz. Isesengura ry'imibare ryagaragaje ko iyi mibare isa (chi-square, p = 0.278), bigaragaza ko igereranya hagati y'ayo matsinda yombi rishobora gukorwa nta kurobanura kw'ibipimo.
Ingaruka zo kwangirika kwa LTE ku bipimo byapimwe by’ibisubizo bya cortical mu nyamaswa zavuwe na LPS. (a) Ikwirakwizwa rya BF mu mitsi ya cortical y’inyamaswa zavuwe na LPS zagaragaweho na LTE (umukara) na sham-exposed kuri LTE (umweru). Nta tandukaniro riri hagati y’ibipimo bibiri. (bf) Ingaruka zo kwangirika kwa LTE ku bipimo bipima spectral temporal reception field (STRF). Ingufu zo gusubiza zaragabanutse cyane (*p < 0.05, unpaired t-test) muri STRF (total response strength) na optimal frequencies (b, c). Igihe cyo gusubiza, bandwidth yo gusubiza, na bandwidth constant (df). Ingufu n’ubwiringiro bw’igihe cyo gusubiza ku ijwi byagabanutse (g, h). Ibikorwa byo kwihitiramo ntibyagabanutse cyane (i). (*p < 0.05, unpaired t-test). (j, k) Ingaruka zo kwangirika kwa LTE ku bipimo bya cortical. Igipimo cyari kinini cyane mu mbeba zavuwe na LTE ugereranije n’imbeba zavuwe na sham. Iyi ngaruka igaragara cyane mu bipimo byo hasi n’ibyo hagati.
Ishusho ya 4b-f yerekana ikwirakwizwa ry'ibipimo byakuwe muri STRF kuri izi nyamaswa (ikigereranyo kigaragazwa n'imirongo itukura). Ingaruka zo kwangirika kwa LTE ku nyamaswa zavuwe na LPS zagaragaye ko zigaragaza kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe bw'imitsi. Ubwa mbere, imbaraga rusange zo kwangirika n'ibisubizo byari bike cyane muri BF ugereranije n'inyamaswa za Sham-LPS (Ishusho ya 4b,c idafite imigabane ya t-test, p = 0.0017; na p = 0.0445). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibisubizo ku majwi yo gutumanaho byagabanutse haba mu mbaraga zo kwangirika no mu buryo bwizewe hagati y'igerageza (Ishusho ya 4g,h; idafite imigabane ya t-test, p = 0.043). Ibikorwa byakozwe ku bushake byaragabanutse, ariko iyi ngaruka ntiyari igaragara cyane (Ishusho ya 4i; p = 0.0745). Igihe cyo gusubiza, uburyo bwo guhindura ingano y'amajwi, n'igihe cyo gutinda gusubiza ntibyagizweho ingaruka no kwangirika kwa LTE ku nyamaswa zavuwe na LPS (Ishusho ya 4d-f), bigaragaza ko guhitamo inshuro n'ubunyangamugayo bw'ibisubizo byo gutangira bitagizweho ingaruka no kwangirika kwa LTE ku nyamaswa zavuwe na LPS.
Hanyuma twasuzumye niba imiterere y’ijwi ry’umukara yahinduwe n’ishusho ya LTE. Duhereye ku gice cy’inyishu y’umuvuduko (FRA) cyabonetse muri buri nyandiko, twagennye imiterere y’amatwi kuri buri nshuro maze dupima impuzandengo y’iyi migabane ku matsinda yombi y’inyamaswa. Ishusho ya 4j yerekana impuzandengo (± sem) kuva kuri 1.1 kugeza kuri 36 kHz mu mbeba zavuwe na LPS. Tugereranije imiterere y’amatwi y’amatsinda ya Sham na Exposed byagaragaje ukwiyongera gukomeye kw’imiterere y’amatwi mu nyamaswa zagaragaye ugereranije n’inyamaswa za Sham (Ishusho ya 4j), ingaruka zagaragaye cyane mu mvururu zo hasi n’izo hagati. Mu by’ukuri, ku mvururu zo hasi (< 2.25 kHz), ikigereranyo cya neuron za A1 zifite urwego rwo hejuru cyariyongereye, mu gihe ikigereranyo cya neuron zo hasi n’izo hagati cyagabanutse (chi-karaba = 43.85; p < 0.0001; Ishusho ya 4k, ibumoso Ishusho). Ingaruka imwe yagaragaye kuri frequency yo hagati (2.25 < Freq(kHz) < 11): igipimo kinini cy'amajwi ya cortical hamwe n'ibipimo biri hagati hamwe n'igipimo gito cya neuron zifite ibipimo biri hasi ugereranije n'itsinda ritaragaragara (Chi - Square = 71.17; p < 0.001; Ishusho ya 4k, igice cyo hagati). Habayeho kandi itandukaniro rikomeye mu bipimo bya neuron zifite ibipimo biri hejuru (≥ 11 kHz, p = 0.0059); igipimo cya neuron zifite ibipimo biri hasi cyaragabanutse kandi igipimo cya meter yo hagati cyariyongereye (chi-square = 10.853; p = 0.04 Ishusho ya 4k, igice cyo hagati).
Ishusho ya 5a igaragaza uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza (BF, bigatanga igisubizo ntarengwa kuri 75 dB SPL) bya neuron za cortical ziboneka mu nyamaswa nzima ku matsinda ya Sham na Exposed. Isesengura ry'imibare ryagaragaje ko gukwirakwiza byombi byari bisa (chi-square, p = 0.157), bigaragaza ko igereranya hagati y'amatsinda yombi rishobora gukorwa nta gushingira ku isuzuma.
Ingaruka zo kwangirika kwa LTE ku bipimo byapimwe by’ibisubizo bya cortical mu nyamaswa zizima. (a) Ikwirakwizwa rya BF mu mitsi y’ubwonko y’inyamaswa zizima zigaragariye kuri LTE (ubururu bwijimye) n’ishusho ya LTE (ubururu bworoheje). Nta tandukaniro riri hagati y’ibipimo byombi. (bf) Ingaruka zo kwangirika kwa LTE ku bipimo bipima urwego rw’ikirahure cy’igihe cya spectral (STRF). Nta mpinduka ikomeye yabayeho mu bunini bw’igisubizo muri STRF no ku mibare ikwiye (b, c). Hari ukwiyongera gato mu gihe cyo gusubiza (d), ariko nta mpinduka mu bunini bw’igisubizo n’umurambararo (e, f). Nta mbaraga cyangwa ukwizerwa kw’igihe kw’ibisubizo ku ijwi byahindutse (g, h). Nta mpinduka ikomeye yabayeho mu bikorwa by’ihindagurika (i). (*p < 0.05 ikizamini cya t kitari cyashyizwe hamwe). (j, k) Ingaruka zo kwangirika kwa LTE ku mibare ya cortical. Ku mpuzandengo, imibare ntiyahindutse cyane mu mbeba zigaragariye kuri LTE ugereranije n’imbeba zigaragariye kuri Sham, ariko imibare iri hejuru yari hasi gato mu nyamaswa zigaragariye.
Imiterere ya 5b-f yerekana udusanduku tw’amasanduku tugaragaza ikwirakwizwa n’impuzandengo (umurongo utukura) by’ibipimo byakuwe mu matsinda abiri ya STRF. Mu nyamaswa nzima, LTE ubwayo yagize ingaruka nke ku gaciro k’impuzandengo k’ibipimo bya STRF. Ugereranyije n’itsinda rya Sham (udusanduku tw’ubururu bw’umukara ugereranije n’ubw’umukara ku itsinda ryagaragaye), LTE ntiyigeze ihindura imbaraga z’igisubizo cyose cyangwa igisubizo cya BF (Ishusho ya 5b, c; t-test idahujwe, p = 0.2176, na p = 0.8696 uko bikurikirana). Nta ngaruka yagaragaye ku buryo bwa spectral bandwidth na latency (p = 0.6764 na p = 0.7129, uko bikurikirana), ariko habayeho ukwiyongera gukomeye mu gihe cyo gusubiza (p = 0.047). Nta ngaruka yagaragaye ku mbaraga z’ibisubizo by’ijwi (Ishusho ya 5g, p = 0.4375), ukwizerwa kw’ibi bisubizo hagati y’igerageza (Ishusho ya 5h, p = 0.3412), n’ibikorwa byikora (Ishusho ya 5).5i; p = 0.3256).
Ishusho ya 5j yerekana impuzandengo (± sem) kuva kuri 1.1 kugeza 36 kHz mu mbeba nzima. Ntabwo yagaragaje itandukaniro rinini hagati ya sham n'imbeba zagaragaye, uretse urwego ruri hasi gato mu nyamaswa zagaragaye ku ntera yo hejuru (11–36 kHz) (ikizamini cya t kitari cyashyizwe hamwe, p = 0.0083). Iyi ngaruka igaragaza ko mu nyamaswa zagaragaye, muri uru rugero rw'impinduka (chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Ishusho ya 5k), hari neuron nyinshi gato zifite urwego rwo hasi n'urwo hagati (mu gihe urwego rwo hejuru) neuron nke).
Mu gusoza, igihe inyamaswa nzima zahuraga na LTE, nta ngaruka zagiraga ku mbaraga zo gusubiza amajwi meza n'amajwi akomeye nko kuvuga. Byongeye kandi, mu nyamaswa nzima, ubushobozi bwo kumva amajwi bwarasanaga hagati y'inyamaswa zagaragaye n'izitari zo, mu gihe mu nyamaswa zavuwe na LPS, ubushobozi bwo kumva amajwi bwatumye habaho kwiyongera gukomeye kw'ubushobozi bwo kumva amajwi, cyane cyane mu byiciro biri hasi n'ibiciriritse.
Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwagaragaje ko mu mbeba z’abagabo zikuze zihura n’indwara y’ubwonko ikabije, kwibasirwa na LTE-1800 MHz hamwe na SARACx yo mu gace ka 0.5 W/kg (reba Uburyo) byatumye imbaraga z’amajwi zigaragara mu majwi mu majwi y’ibanze. Izi mpinduka mu mikorere y’imitsi zabayeho nta mpinduka igaragara mu bunini bw’ahantu hakorerwa imikorere ya microglial. Iyi ngaruka ya LTE ku bunini bw’imbaraga z’amajwi zigaragara mu mitsi ntizagaragaye mu mbeba nzima. Ukurikije isano iri hagati y’uduce tw’amajwi mu nyamaswa za LTE n’izigaragara mu mitsi, itandukaniro mu mikorere y’imitsi rishobora guterwa n’ingaruka za biological z’ibimenyetso bya LTE aho kuba ku ruhande rw’ingero (Ishusho ya 4a). Byongeye kandi, kuba nta mpinduka mu gihe cyo gutinda gusubiza no gupima uburebure bw’amajwi mu mbeba za LTE bigaragaza ko, bishoboka cyane ko izi nyandiko zafashwe mu byiciro bimwe bya cortical, biri mu bice bya ACx y’ibanze aho kuba mu bice bya kabiri.
Dukurikije uko tubizi, ingaruka z'amajwi ya LTE ku bisubizo by'imitsi ntabwo zatangajwe mbere. Ariko, ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwagaragaje ubushobozi bwa GSM-1800 MHz cyangwa 1800 MHz continuous wave (CW) bwo guhindura imikorere y'imitsi, nubwo hari itandukaniro rikomeye bitewe n'uburyo bwo kugerageza. Nyuma gato yo guhura na 1800 MHz CW ku rwego rwa SAR rwa 8.2 W/Kg, inyandiko zavuye muri snail ganglia zagaragaje ko urwego rwo gutera imbaraga z'imikorere n'impinduka z'imitsi. Ku rundi ruhande, ubwinshi n'imikorere yo guturika mu mitsi y'ibanze y'imitsi ikomoka ku bwonko bw'imbeba byagabanutse bitewe no guhura na GSM-1800 MHz cyangwa 1800 MHz CW mu minota 15 kuri SAR ya 4.6 W/kg. Uku guhagarika kwasubiwemo gato mu minota 30 nyuma yo guhura na yo. Gutuza imitsi byuzuye byagezweho kuri SAR ya 9.2 W/kg. Isesengura ry'igipimo n'igisubizo ryagaragaje ko GSM-1800 MHz yari ifite akamaro kurusha 1800 MHz CW muri guhosha ibikorwa byo guturika, bigaragaza ko ibisubizo by'imitsi biterwa n'uburyo ikimenyetso cya RF gihinduka.
Mu gihe twari turimo, ibisubizo byaturutse ku ruhu rw'umutima byakusanyijwe mu buryo bw'umubiri mu masaha 3 kugeza kuri 6 nyuma y'amasaha 2 gusa yo kwigaragaza mu mutwe birangiye. Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere, twasuzumye ingaruka za GSM-1800 MHz kuri SARACx ya 1.55 W/kg kandi nta ngaruka nini twabonye ku ngaruka zavuye ku ruhu rw'umutima mu mbeba nzima. Aha, ingaruka imwe rukumbi ikomeye yavuye ku mbeba nzima mu kwigaragaza kuri LTE-1800 kuri 0.5 W/kg SARACx ni ukwiyongera gato mu gihe cyo kwigaragaza iyo habayeho amajwi meza. Iyi ngaruka iragoye gusobanura kuko idaherekejwe no kwiyongera k'imbaraga zo kwisubiza, bigaragaza ko igihe kirekire cyo kwisubiraho kibaho hamwe n'umubare ungana w'ubushobozi bwo gukora butangwa na neurons za cortical. Impamvu imwe ishobora kuba uko kwigaragaza kwa LTE bishobora kugabanya imikorere ya interneurons zimwe na zimwe zibuza, nk'uko byagaragaye ko mu gice cy'ibanze cya ACx feedforward igenzura igihe cyo kwisubiraho kwa selile za piramidi biterwa no gushyuha kwa thalamic33,34, 35, 36, 37.
Mu buryo bunyuranye, mu mbeba zahuye n’indwara y’ubwonko yatewe na LPS, LTE ntacyo yagize ku gihe cyo gusohora amajwi mu mitsi y’ubwonko, ariko ingaruka zikomeye zagaragaye ku mbaraga z’amajwi yavuzwe. Mu by’ukuri, ugereranije n’amajwi yafashwe mu mbeba zavuwe na LPS, neurons mu mbeba zavuwe na LPS zagaragaye kuri LTE zagaragaje igabanuka ry’imbaraga z’amajwi yazo, ingaruka zagaragaye haba mu kugaragaza amajwi meza ndetse no mu majwi karemano. Kugabanuka k’imbaraga z’amajwi meza byabayeho hatabayeho kugabanuka k’umuvuduko wa spectral tuning wa 75 dB, kandi kubera ko byabaye ku bunini bw’amajwi yose, byatumye habaho kwiyongera kw’imirongo y’ubwonko ya cortical ku nshuro zo hasi n’izo hagati.
Kugabanuka kw'imbaraga zo gusubiza byagaragaje ko ingaruka zo gutanga ibimenyetso bya LTE kuri SARACx ya 0.5 W/kg mu nyamaswa zavuwe na LPS zari zisa n'iza GSM-1800 MHz ikoreshwa ku gipimo cya SARACx cyikubye gatatu (1.55 W/kg) 28. Ku bijyanye no gutanga ibimenyetso bya GSM, gutanga ibimenyetso bya LTE-1800 MHz ku mutwe bishobora kugabanya gushyuha kw'imitsi mu ngirabuzimafatizo za ACx z'imbeba zahuye n'indwara yo kubyimba kw'imitsi ya LPS. Dukurikije iki gitekerezo, twabonye kandi icyerekezo cyo kugabanuka kw'icyizere cy'igeragezwa ry'ibisubizo bya neuronal ku ijwi (Ishusho ya 4h) no kugabanuka kw'ibikorwa byikora (Ishusho ya 4i). Ariko, byaragoye kumenya niba gutanga ibimenyetso bya LTE bigabanya gushyuha kw'imitsi ya neuronal cyangwa bigabanya kwinjira kwa synaptic, bityo bigagenzura ibisubizo bya neuronal muri ACx.
Ubwa mbere, izi mpungenge nke zishobora guterwa no kugabanuka k’ubushyuhe bw’uturemangingo tw’umubiri nyuma yo guhura na LTE 1800 MHz. Dushyigikiye iki gitekerezo, GSM-1800 MHz na 1800 MHz-CW byagabanyije ubushyuhe bw’umubiri iyo bikoreshejwe mu buryo butaziguye ku miterere y’ibanze y’uturemangingo tw’imbeba tw’umutima hamwe n’urugero rwa SAR rwa 3.2 W/kg na 4.6 W/kg, uko bikurikirana, ariko hakenewe urugero rwa SAR kugira ngo bigabanye cyane ubushyuhe bw’umubiri. Dushyigikiye ko ubushyuhe bw’umubiri bugabanuka, twabonye kandi ko ibipimo byo kurasa mu buryo bwihuse ku nyamaswa zigaragaraho impanuka ari bike kurusha ku nyamaswa zigaragaraho impanuka.
Icya kabiri, LTE ishobora kandi kugira ingaruka ku ihererekanywa rya synapse riva kuri thalamo-cortical cyangwa cortical-cortical synapses. Inyandiko nyinshi ubu zigaragaza ko, muri cortex y'amatwi, ubugari bwa spectral tuning butagenwa gusa n'ibipimo bya thalamic, ahubwo ko intracortical connections itanga spectral input yinyongera ku mbuga za cortical39,40. Mu bushakashatsi bwacu, kuba cortical STRF yagaragaje bandwidths nk'izo mu nyamaswa zagaragaye kandi zigaragara nk'izidafite ishingiro byagaragaje ko ingaruka zo guhura na LTE zitari ingaruka ku guhuza kwa cortical-cortical. Ibi kandi bigaragaza ko guhuza cyane mu tundi duce twa cortical byagaragaye kuri SAR kuruta ibyapimwe muri ACx (Ishusho ya 2) bishobora kuba atari byo bitera impinduka zavuzwe hano.
Aha, igice kinini cy’amajwi yafashwe na LPS yagaragaje ubushobozi bwo hejuru ugereranije n’inyamaswa zafashwe na LPS. Bitewe n’uko byavuzwe ko ubushobozi bwo gukoresha cortex y’amajwi bugenzurwa ahanini n’imbaraga za thalamo-cortical synapse39,40, hashobora gukeka ko uburyo bwo gukoresha thalamo-cortical bugabanuka gato bitewe no kugaragara, haba mbere y’uko glutamate irekurwa (kugabanuka kwa glutamate) cyangwa nyuma y’uko receptor irekurwa (kugabanuka kwa receptor cyangwa affinity).
Kimwe n'ingaruka za GSM-1800 MHz, impinduka za LTE-induced neuronal responses zabayeho mu rwego rwo kubyimba kw'ubwonko buterwa na LPS, burangwa no gusubiza microglial. Ibimenyetso biriho ubu bigaragaza ko microglia igira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'imiyoboro y'ubwonko mu bwonko busanzwe n'ubwo mu ndwara41,42,43. Ubushobozi bwabo bwo guhindura uburyo bwo kohereza neurotransmission ntibuterwa gusa n'ikorwa ry'ibintu bakora bishobora cyangwa bishobora kugabanya uburyo bwo kohereza neurotransmission, ahubwo buterwa no kugenda cyane kw'imikorere y'uturemangingo twabo. Muri cortex y'ubwonko, kwiyongera no kugabanuka kw'imikorere y'imiyoboro y'ubwonko bitera kwaguka vuba k'ahantu ha microglial bitewe n'ikura ry'imikorere ya microglial44,45. By'umwihariko, protrusions za microglial ziboneka hafi ya synapses ya thalamocortical kandi zishobora kubuza imikorere ya synapses excitatory binyuze mu buryo bukoresha microglia-mediated local adenosine.
Mu mbeba zavuwe na LPS zahawe GSM-1800 MHz hamwe na SARACx kuri 1.55 W/kg, kugabanuka k'imikorere ya neuron za ACx kwabayeho hamwe n'ikura ry'imikorere ya microglial yagaragajwe n'uduce twinshi twa Iba1-stained mu kwiyongera kwa ACx28. Iki gitekerezo kigaragaza ko kuvugurura microglial byatewe no kwiyongera kwa GSM bishobora kugira uruhare runini mu kugabanya kw'imikorere ya neuron iterwa na GSM. Ubushakashatsi bwacu buriho buvuguruza iki gitekerezo mu rwego rwo guhura n'umutwe wa LTE hamwe na SARACx gusa kuri 0.5 W/kg, kuko nta kwiyongera kwabonetse mu gice cy'ahantu hifashishijwe microglial. Ariko, ibi ntibikuraho ingaruka iyo ari yo yose y'imikorere ya LTE kuri microglia ikoreshwa na LPS, ishobora kugira ingaruka ku mikorere ya neuron. Hakenewe ubundi bushakashatsi kugira ngo hasubizwe iki kibazo no kumenya uburyo indwara ya neuroinflammation ikabije ihindura imikorere ya neuron kuri LTE.
Dukurikije uko tubizi, ingaruka z'ibimenyetso bya LTE ku gutunganya amatwi ntizigeze zisuzumwa mbere. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwa mbere bwa 26,28 n'ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ubu bwagaragaje ko mu gihe cy'ububyimbirwe bukabije, kwinjizwa k'umutwe gusa kuri GSM-1800 MHz cyangwa LTE-1800 MHz byateje impinduka mu mikorere y'imitsi muri ACx, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'ubwiyongere bw'urwego rwo kumva. Ku mpamvu ebyiri z'ingenzi nibura, imikorere ya cochlear ntigomba kugira ingaruka ku kwinjizwa kwacu kwa LTE. Ubwa mbere, nk'uko bigaragazwa mu bushakashatsi bwa dosimetry bwagaragajwe ku Ishusho ya 2, urugero rwo hejuru rwa SAR (hafi ya 1 W/kg) ruri muri dorsomedial cortex (munsi ya antene), kandi rugabanuka cyane uko umuntu agenda cyane mu ruhande no mu ruhande. Igice cyo mu mutwe. Bishobora kugereranywa ko ari hafi 0.1 W/kg ku rwego rwa pinna y'imbeba (munsi y'umuyoboro w'ugutwi). Icya kabiri, iyo amatwi y'ingurube yagaragaye amezi 2 kuri GSM 900 MHz (iminsi 5/icyumweru, isaha 1/umunsi, SAR hagati ya 1 na 4 W/kg), nta mpinduka zagaragaye mu bunini bw'ibicuruzwa byahinduwe bya otoacoustic Thresholds for Emission and Auditory Brainstem Responses 47. Byongeye kandi, kwibasira umutwe inshuro nyinshi kuri GSM 900 cyangwa 1800 MHz kuri SAR ya 2 W/kg ntacyo byagize ku mikorere y'uturemangingo tw'umusatsi wo hanze ya cochlear mu mbeba nzima48,49. Ibi byavuye mu bushakashatsi bihuza amakuru yabonetse ku bantu, aho iperereza ryagaragaje ko kwibasira EMF kuva ku minota 10 kugeza kuri 30 ukoresheje telefoni za GSM nta ngaruka zihoraho ku mikorere y'amatwi nk'uko byagaragajwe ku rwego rwa cochlear50,51,52​​cyangwa ku rwego rw'umutsi wo mu bwonko53,54.
Mu bushakashatsi bwacu, impinduka mu mikorere y’imitsi ya LTE yagaragaye mu mubiri nyuma y’amasaha 3 kugeza kuri 6 nyuma y’uko igera ku gice cy’inyuma cy’ubwonko (dorsomedial cortex), ingaruka nyinshi zatewe na GSM-1800 MHz zagaragaye mu masaha 24 nyuma yo kugaragara ntizari zikigaragara mu masaha 72 nyuma yo kugaragara. Ibi ni ko bimeze mu kwaguka kw’imikorere ya mikorogli, kugabanuka kwa gene ya IL-1ß no guhindura AMPA nyuma yo guhindura. Ukurikije ko cortex y’amatwi ifite agaciro ka SAR kari hasi (0.5W/kg) ugereranyije n’agace k’inyuma (2.94W/kg26), impinduka mu mikorere y’ubwonko zavuzwe hano zisa n’izidakora.
Amakuru yacu agomba kwita ku mbibi zujuje ibisabwa bya SAR n'ibigereranyo by'agaciro nyakuri ka SAR kagezweho mu gice cy'ubwonko cy'abakoresha telefoni zigendanwa. Amabwiriza akoreshwa ubu mu kurinda rubanda ashyiraho umupaka wa SAR kuri 2 W/kg ku mutwe cyangwa ku gituza cy'umubiri ku maradiyo ya radiyo ari ku rugero rwa 100 kHz na 6 GHz RF.
Gupima dose byakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo kumenya imbaraga za RF mu ngingo zitandukanye z'umutwe mu gihe cy'itumanaho rusange ry'umutwe cyangwa telefoni igendanwa. Uretse ubwinshi bw'ubwoko bw'umutwe w'umuntu, ubu buryo bwo gusuzuma bugaragaza itandukaniro rikomeye cyangwa kutamenya neza ingufu zinjira mu bwonko hashingiwe ku bipimo by'umubiri cyangwa histological nk'imiterere y'inyuma cyangwa imbere y'agahanga, ubunini, cyangwa amazi. Uduce dutandukanye tw'umutwe turatandukanye cyane bitewe n'imyaka, igitsina, cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye 56,57,58. Byongeye kandi, imiterere ya telefoni igendanwa, nk'aho antene iri imbere n'aho telefoni iherereye ugereranyije n'umutwe w'umukoresha, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku rwego n'ikwirakwizwa ry'agaciro ka SAR muri cortex y'ubwonko59,60. Ariko, ukurikije ikwirakwizwa rya SAR muri cortex y'ubwonko y'umuntu, ryashyizweho n'uburyo bwa telefoni igendanwa itanga amajwi ya radiyo mu rugero rwa 1800 MHz58, 59, 60, bigaragara ko urugero rwa SAR rwagezweho muri cortex y'amatwi y'umuntu rukiri hasi cyane kimwe cya kabiri cya cortex y'ubwonko y'umuntu. Ubushakashatsi bwacu (SARACx 0.5 W/kg). Kubera iyo mpamvu, amakuru yacu ntabwo avuguruza imipaka iriho y’agaciro ka SAR gakoreshwa ku baturage.
Mu gusoza, ubushakashatsi bwacu bwerekanye ko guhura na LTE-1800 MHz rimwe gusa mu mutwe bibangamira uburyo neurons za cortical neurons zikora ku bintu bitera kumva. Bijyanye n'ibyagaragajwe mbere ku ngaruka za GSM, ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko ingaruka za LTE signal ku bikorwa by'ubwonko zitandukanye bitewe n'uko ubuzima buhagaze. Uburwayi bukabije bw'ubwonko butuma neurons zikora LTE-1800 MHz, bigatuma habaho impinduka mu mikorere y'ubwonko ku bintu bitera kumva.
Amakuru yakusanyijwe ku myaka 55 y'amavuko avuye mu gice cy'ubwonko cy'imbeba 31 z'ingabo za Wistar zabonetse muri laboratwari ya Janvier. Imbeba zashyizwe mu bushyuhe (50-55%) n'ubushyuhe (22-24 °C) ahantu hagenzurwa n'urumuri/umwijima w'amasaha 12/12 (amatara yaka saa moya n'igice za mu gitondo) hamwe n'uburyo bwo kubona ibiryo n'amazi ku buntu. Igerageza ryose ryakozwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza yashyizweho n'Inama y'Umuryango w'Ibihugu by'i Burayi (2010/63/EU Council Directive), asa n'ayavuzwe mu Mabwiriza y'Umuryango w'Ubushakashatsi ku Bushishozi bw'Ubwonko ku Ikoreshwa ry'Inyamaswa mu Bushakashatsi ku Bushishozi bw'Ubwonko. Iyi porotokoli yemejwe na Komite Ishinzwe Imyitwarire Paris-Sud n'Ikigo (CEEA N°59, Umushinga 2014-25, porotokoli y'Igihugu 03729.02) hakoreshejwe inzira zemejwe n'iyi komite 32-2011 na 34-2012.
Inyamaswa zashyizwe mu byumba by’amatsinda byibuze icyumweru kimwe mbere yo kuvurwa na LPS no kwanduzwa na LTE-EMF (cyangwa se ibinyoma).
Imbeba makumyabiri na ebyiri zatewe E. coli LPS mu buryo bwa ip (250 µg/kg, serotype 0127:B8, SIGMA) yakuwemo saline ya isotonic idafite endotoxin amasaha 24 mbere y’uko LTE cyangwa sham yahura na yo (n kuri buri tsinda). = 11). Mu mbeba z'abagabo za Wistar z'amezi 2, ubu buryo bwo kuvura bwa LPS butanga igisubizo cy'ububyimbirwe bw'ubwonko kigaragara mu bwonko bw'ubwonko hakoreshejwe imiterere myinshi itera ububyimbirwe (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) bwongerewe amasaha 24 nyuma yo guterwa LPS, harimo no kwiyongera inshuro 4 na 12 mu rugero rw'inyandiko zigaragaza enzyme ya NOX2 na interleukin 1ß, uko bikurikirana. Muri iki gihe cy'amasaha 24, mikoroglia y'umutima yagaragaje imiterere isanzwe y'uturemangingo "tuzuye" twitezwe n'imikorere y'uturemangingo itera ububyimbirwe ya LPS (Ishusho ya 1), bitandukanye n'imikorere y'uturemangingo itera ububyimbirwe ya LPS n'izindi. Umurimo w'uturemangingo utera ububyimbirwe uhwanye na 24, 61.
Guterwa LTE EMF ku mutwe gusa byakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwakoreshejwe mbere bwo gusuzuma ingaruka za GSM EMF26. Guterwa LTE byakozwe amasaha 24 nyuma yo guterwa LPS (inyamaswa 11) cyangwa nta miti ya LPS yakoreshejwe (inyamaswa 5). Inyamaswa zahawe ikinyabutabire gito hakoreshejwe ketamine/xylazine (ketamine 80 mg/kg, ip; xylazine 10 mg/kg, ip) mbere yo guterwa kugira ngo hirindwe kugenda no kwemeza ko umutwe w'inyamaswa uri muri antene ya loop itanga ikimenyetso cya LTE aho gishobora kongera guhindurwa hepfo. Kimwe cya kabiri cy'imbeba zo mu kazu kamwe zakoreshejwe nk'igenzura (inyamaswa 11 zagaragayemo ikinyabutabire, mu mbeba 22 zabanje kuvurwa na LPS): zashyizwe munsi ya antene ya loop kandi ingufu z'ikinyabutabire cya LTE zari zemejwe kuri zeru. Uburemere bw'inyamaswa zagaragayemo ikinyabutabire n'izigaragayemo ikinyabutabire byari bisa (p = 0.558, t-test idahujwe, ns). Inyamaswa zose zatewe ikinyabutabire zashyizwe ku gikoresho gishyushya kidafite icyuma kugira ngo zigumane ubushyuhe bw'umubiri wazo hafi 37°C mu gihe cyose cy'igerageza. Nkuko Mu igerageza ryabanje, igihe cyo kwishyiramo cyari cyashyizwe ku masaha 2. Nyuma yo kwishyiramo, shyira inyamaswa ku kindi gikoresho gishyushya mu cyumba cyo kubaga. Uburyo bumwe bwo kwishyiramo bwakoreshejwe ku mbeba 10 zizima (zitavuwe na LPS), kimwe cya kabiri cyazo cyari cyashyizwemo uburyaryate mu kato kamwe (p = 0.694).
Sisitemu yo kwerekana urumuri yari isa na sisitemu 25, 62 zavuzwe mu bushakashatsi bwabanje, aho generator ya radiyo yasimbuwe kugira ngo ikore LTE aho gukora electromagnetic fields za GSM. Muri make, generator ya RF (SMBV100A, 3.2 GHz, Rohde & Schwarz, Ubudage) itanga ingufu za electromagnetic za LTE - 1800 MHz yahujwe na amplifier y'amashanyarazi (ZHL-4W-422+, Mini-Circuits, USA), circulator (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, France), coupler y'inzira ebyiri (CD D 1824-2, − 30 dB, Sodhy, France) na power divider y'inzira enye (DC D 0922-4N, Sodhy, France), yemereraga kwerekana inyamaswa enye icyarimwe. Igipimo cy'amashanyarazi (N1921A, Agilent, USA) gihujwe na coupler y'inzira ebyiri cyatumaga hakorwa isuzuma rihoraho kandi hagashyirwamo imbaraga mu gikoresho. Buri gisohoka cyahujwe na antene yihuta (Sama-Sistemi). srl; Roma), bituma umutwe w'inyamaswa ugaragara igice. Antene izunguruka igizwe n'uruziga rwacapwe rufite imirongo ibiri y'icyuma (dielectric constant εr = 4.6) yashushanyije ku gice cy'ubushyuhe cya epoxy. Ku mpera imwe, igikoresho kigizwe n'insinga ya mm 1 y'ubugari ikora impeta ishyizwe hafi y'umutwe w'inyamaswa. Nkuko byagenze mu bushakashatsi bwabanje26,62, igipimo cyihariye cyo kwinjizamo (SAR) cyagenwe mu mibare hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cy'imbeba y'imibare n'uburyo bwa finite difference time domain (FDTD)63,64,65. Byagenwe kandi mu buryo bwa test mu icyitegererezo cy'imbeba y'imibare hakoreshejwe imashini za Luxtron kugira ngo zipime izamuka ry'ubushyuhe. Muri iki gihe, SAR muri W/kg ibarwa hakoreshejwe formula: SAR = C ΔT/Δt, aho C ari ubushobozi bw'ubushyuhe muri J/(kg K), ΔT, muri °K na Δt Ihinduka ry'ubushyuhe, igihe mu masegonda. Agaciro ka SAR kagenwe mu mibare kagereranyijwe n'agaciro ka SAR kabonetse hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cy'imibare, cyane cyane mu turere tw'ubwonko bw'imbeba duhwanye. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibipimo bya SAR by'imibare n' Agaciro ka SAR kagaragaye mu bushakashatsi kari munsi ya 30%.
Ishusho ya 2a igaragaza SAR ikwirakwizwa mu bwonko bw'imbeba mu buryo bw'imbeba, ihuye n'ikwirakwizwa ryayo ukurikije uburemere bw'umubiri n'ingano y'imbeba zakoreshejwe mu bushakashatsi bwacu. Igipimo cya SAR cy'ubwonko cyari 0.37 ± 0.23 W/kg (impuzandengo ± SD). Agaciro ka SAR kari hejuru cyane mu gace k'umutima munsi gato ya antene ya loop. SAR yo mu gace ka ACx (SARACx) yari 0.50 ± 0.08 W/kg (impuzandengo ± SD) (Ishusho ya 2b). Kubera ko uburemere bw'umubiri w'imbeba zigaragara ari bumwe kandi itandukaniro mu bugari bw'imitsi y'umutwe ari rito cyane, SAR nyayo ya ACx cyangwa utundi duce tw'umutima byitezwe ko tuzaba dusa cyane hagati y'inyamaswa imwe n'indi.
Mu gihe cyo kugeragezwa, inyamaswa zongerewemo dose y’inyongera ya ketamine (20 mg/kg, ip) na xylazine (4 mg/kg, ip) kugeza igihe nta ntambwe zagaragaye nyuma yo gukanda ikirenge cy’inyuma. Ingaruka mbi zo mu gace k’umubiri (Xylocain 2%) zatewe mu ruhu no mu mitsi ya temporalis hejuru y’agahanga, maze inyamaswa zishyirwa ku buryo bushyushya budafite icyuma. Nyuma yo gushyira inyamaswa mu gitereko cya stereotaxic, hakozwe isuzuma rya craniotomy hejuru y’agace k’ibumoso k’umutima. Nkuko byagenze mu bushakashatsi bwacu bwabanje66, uhereye aho amagufwa ya parietal n’ay’igihe, umwanya wari ufite ubugari bwa mm 9 na mm 5 z’uburebure. Ingufu iri hejuru ya ACx yakuweho witonze igenzurwa na binocular nta kwangiza imiyoboro y’amaraso. Mu mpera z’igikorwa, hubatswe urufatiro muri sima ya acrylic y’amenyo kugira ngo umutwe w’inyamaswa ukomere mu gihe cyo gufata amajwi. Shyira igitereko cya stereotaxic gishyigikiye inyamaswa mu cyumba cyo kugabanya amajwi (IAC, icyitegererezo cya AC1).
Amakuru yavuye mu nyandiko z’ibice byinshi mu gice cy’inyuma cy’amatwi cy’imbeba 20, harimo n’inyamaswa 10 zavuwe mbere ya LPS. Inyandiko z’inyuma y’uturemangingo zavuye mu bwoko bwa electrode 16 za tungsten (TDT, ø: 33 µm, < 1 MΩ) zigizwe n’imirongo ibiri ya electrode 8 ziri hagati ya µm 1000 (µm 350 hagati ya electrode ziri ku murongo umwe). Insinga y’ifeza (ø: 300 µm) yo gufunga yashyizwe hagati y’igufwa ry’igihe n’inyuma y’inyuma. Ahantu hagereranyijwe ACx y’ibanze ni 4-7 mm inyuma ya bregma na 3 mm imbere ku mushongi wo hejuru. Ikimenyetso cy’umwimerere cyongerewe inshuro 10.000 (TDT Medusa) hanyuma gitunganywa na sisitemu yo kubona amakuru menshi (RX5, TDT). Ibimenyetso byakusanyijwe kuri buri electrode byayunguruwe (610–10.000 Hz) kugira ngo bikuremo ibikorwa byinshi. (MUA). Ibipimo bya trigger byashyizweho neza kuri buri electrode (n'abanditsi bahuje ibitekerezo bahumishijwe n'imiterere yagaragaye cyangwa yagaragaye nabi) kugira ngo hatoranywe ubushobozi bunini bw'ibikorwa mu kimenyetso. Igenzura rya interineti n'iritari kuri interineti ry'imiterere y'umuraba ryagaragaje ko MUA yakusanyijwe hano yari igizwe n'ubushobozi bw'ibikorwa butangwa na neuron 3 kugeza kuri 6 hafi ya electrod. Mu ntangiriro ya buri gerageza, twashyizeho aho umurongo wa electrode uherereye ku buryo imirongo ibiri ya electrode umunani ishobora gupima neuron, kuva ku gusubiza hasi kugeza ku gupima hejuru iyo bikozwe mu cyerekezo cya rostral.
Ingufu z'amajwi zakozwe muri Matlab, zoherezwa kuri sisitemu yo gutanga amajwi ishingiye kuri RP2.1 (TDT) yoherezwa kuri indangururamajwi ya Fostex (FE87E). Indangururamajwi yashyizwe kuri cm 2 uvuye ku gutwi kw'iburyo kw'imbeba, aho indangururamajwi yatangaga frequency spectrum (± 3 dB) hagati ya 140 Hz na 36 kHz. Gupima indangururamajwi byakozwe hakoreshejwe urusaku n'amajwi meza yafashwe hakoreshejwe mikoro ya Bruel na Kjaer 4133 ihujwe na preamplifier B&K 2169 na digital recorder Marantz PMD671. Spectral Time Receptive Field (STRF) yagenwe hakoreshejwe frequencies 97 za gamma-tone, zikubiyemo octaves 8 (0.14–36 kHz), zagenwe mu buryo butunguranye kuri 75 dB SPL kuri 4.15 Hz. Frequency Response Area (FRA) yagenwe hakoreshejwe frequencies zimwe kandi zagenwe mu buryo butunguranye kuri 2 Hz kuva kuri 75 kugeza kuri 5 dB SPL. Buri frequencies igaragazwa inshuro umunani kuri buri bunini.
Ibisubizo ku bintu bisanzwe byarasuzumwe. Mu bushakashatsi bwabanje, twabonye ko ijwi ry'imbeba ritakunze gutanga ibisubizo bikomeye muri ACx, hatitawe ku buryo bworoshye bwo kumva imikorere y'ubwonko (BF), mu gihe xenograft-specific (urugero, ijwi ry'inyoni iririmba cyangwa ijwi ry'ingurube ya Guinea) akenshi ari ikarita y'ijwi ryose. Kubwibyo, twagerageje ibisubizo by'umutima ku ijwi ry'ingurube ya Guinea (ifirimbi yakoreshejwe muri 36 yari ifitanye isano na 1 s y'ibintu, yatanzwe inshuro 25).

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