Amakuru

Urubuga rwa IEEE rushyira kuki kuri terefone yawe kugira ngo ruguhe ubunararibonye bwiza bw'umukoresha. Ukoresheje urubuga rwacu, wemera ko izi kuki zishyirwa. Kugira ngo umenye byinshi, nyamuneka soma Politiki yacu y'ibanga.

Impuguke zikomeye mu gupima RF zisesengura ububabare bwa 5G—n'itandukaniro riri hagati yo gupimwa n'ingano y'umuti

Kenneth R. Foster afite uburambe bw'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo mu kwiga ku mirasire ya radiyo (RF) n'ingaruka zayo ku mikorere y'ibinyabuzima. Ubu, yafatanyije n'abandi bashakashatsi babiri, Marvin Ziskin na Quirino Balzano mu bushakashatsi bushya kuri iyi ngingo. Bose hamwe, batatu muri bo (bose bamaze igihe muri IEEE) bafite uburambe bw'imyaka irenga ijana kuri iyi ngingo.
Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru Mpuzamahanga cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Bidukikije n’Ubuzima Rusange muri Gashyantare, bwarebye mu myaka 75 ishize y’ubushakashatsi ku isuzuma ry’ikwirakwizwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge bya RF n’uburyo bipimwa. Muri bwo, abanditsi bafatanyije basobanura neza aho uru rwego rugeze n’impamvu barufata nk’intego ya siyansi.
IEEE Spectrum yaganiriye binyuze kuri imeri na Porofeseri Emeritus Foster wo muri Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania. Twifuzaga kumenya byinshi ku mpamvu inyigo zo gusuzuma RF exposure zigenda neza, icyatuma dosimetry ya RF igorana, n'impamvu impungenge z'abaturage ku buzima n'imirasire idafite insinga zisa nkaho zitazigera zishira.
Ku batazi itandukaniro, ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yo gupimwa n'umuti ukoreshwa?

Kenneth Foster: Mu rwego rw'umutekano wa RF, ubwiyongere bw'umubiri busobanura ingufu zinjira mu mubiri, naho ingano y'umubiri ikavuga ingufu zinjira mu mubiri. Byombi ni ingenzi mu bikorwa byinshi - urugero, ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n'ubuvuzi, ubuzima bw'akazi, n'umutekano w'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
"Kugira ngo ubone isuzuma ryiza ry'ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka za 5G mu binyabuzima, reba inyandiko ya [Ken] Karipidis, yasanze 'nta gihamya ifatika igaragaza ko amashanyarazi yo hasi ya RF ari hejuru ya 6 GHz, nk'ayo akoreshwa n'imiyoboro ya 5G, yangiza ubuzima bw'abantu.'" -- Kenneth R. Foster, Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania
Foster: Gupima amashami ya RF mu mwanya utari woroshye si ikibazo. Ikibazo nyacyo kivuka mu bihe bimwe na bimwe ni ihindagurika rikomeye ry’ingufu za RF. Urugero, abahanga benshi barimo gukora ubushakashatsi ku rugero rw’ingufu za RF mu bidukikije kugira ngo bakemure ibibazo by’ubuzima rusange. Urebye umubare munini w’amasoko ya RF mu bidukikije n’igabanuka ryihuse ry’ingufu za RF mu isoko iryo ari ryo ryose, iki si igikorwa cyoroshye. Gusobanura neza ingufu za RF ku muntu ku giti cye ni ikibazo gikomeye, nibura ku bahanga bake bagerageza kubikora.

Ubwo wowe n'abanditsi bagenzi bawe mwandikaga inkuru yanyu ya IJERPH, intego yanyu yari iyo kugaragaza intsinzi n'imbogamizi za dosimetric mu bushakashatsi ku bijyanye no gusuzuma ibimenyetso? Foster: Intego yacu ni ukugaragaza intambwe itangaje ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no gusuzuma ibimenyetso bwateye mu myaka yashize, ibyo bikaba byaratumye ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z'ibinyabuzima ku bijyanye n'amaradiyo burushaho gusobanuka neza kandi bigatera imbere cyane mu ikoranabuhanga mu buvuzi.
Ni mu rugero rungana iki ibikoresho muri ibi bice byateye imbere? Urugero, ushobora kumbwira ibikoresho byari bihari kuri wewe mu ntangiriro z'umwuga wawe ugereranije n'ibiriho muri iki gihe? Ni gute ibikoresho bigezweho bigira uruhare mu gutsinda kw'isuzumabumenyi?
Foster: Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupima amashami ya RF mu bushakashatsi ku buzima n'umutekano birimo kuba bito kandi bikagira imbaraga nyinshi. Ni nde wari gutekereza ko mu myaka mike ishize ibikoresho by'ubucuruzi bizaba bikomeye bihagije ku buryo byazanwa ku kazi, bikabasha gupima amashami ya RF akomeye bihagije ku buryo byateza akaga mu kazi, ariko bikaba byoroshye gupima amashami adakomeye uvuye kuri antene ziri kure? Muri icyo gihe, menya neza imiterere y'ikimenyetso kugira ngo umenye aho cyaturutse?
Bigenda bite iyo ikoranabuhanga ridafite insinga rigiye mu miyoboro mishya y'amajwi—urugero, milimetero na terahertz waves kuri telefoni zigendanwa, cyangwa 6 GHz kuri Wi-Fi?
Foster: Na none, ikibazo gifitanye isano n'uburemere bw'imiterere y'ibintu bihura na byo, ntabwo ari ibikoresho bikoreshwa. Urugero, sitasiyo za telefoni za 5G zifite umugozi munini zisohora imirasire myinshi inyura mu kirere. Ibi bituma bigorana gupima uko abantu bahura na byo hafi y'aho bahurira kugira ngo harebwe ko bahura na byo nta kibazo (nk'uko hafi ya buri gihe biba bimeze).
“Ku giti cyanjye ndahangayikishijwe cyane n’ingaruka zishobora guterwa no kumara igihe kinini kuri interineti ku mikurire y’umwana no ku bibazo by’ubuzima bwite.” – Kenneth R. Foster, Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania

Niba isuzuma ry’isura ari ikibazo cyakemutse, ni iki gituma gusimbuka mu gipimo nyacyo bigorana? Ni iki gituma icya mbere cyoroha cyane kurusha icya nyuma?
Foster: Dosimetry iragoye kuruta gusuzuma uko umuntu ahagaze. Muri rusange ntushobora gushyira probe ya RF mu mubiri w'umuntu. Hari impamvu nyinshi zishobora gutuma ukeneye aya makuru, nko mu kuvura kanseri ikabije, aho ingingo zigomba gushyuha kugeza ku rugero runaka. Gushyushya bike cyane kandi nta nyungu zo kuvura, byinshi cyane kandi uzatwika umurwayi.
Ese wambwira byinshi ku bijyanye n'uko dosimetiri ikorwa uyu munsi? Niba udashobora gushyiramo imashini mu mubiri w'umuntu, ni ikihe kintu cyiza gikurikiraho?
Foster: Nta kibazo gukoresha ibipimo bya RF bya kera kugira ngo upime imirima iri mu kirere ku mpamvu zitandukanye. Birumvikana ko ibi ari ko bimeze ku kazi k’umutekano mu kazi, aho ugomba gupima imirima ya radio igaragara ku mibiri y’abakozi. Ku bijyanye n’ubushyuhe bwinshi bw’umubiri, ushobora gukenera gupima abarwayi ukoresheje ibikoresho by’ubushyuhe, ariko dosimeteri yo kubara yongereye cyane uburyo bwo gupima dose z’ubushyuhe kandi byatumye habaho iterambere rikomeye mu ikoranabuhanga. Ku bushakashatsi ku ngaruka za RF mu binyabuzima (urugero, gukoresha antene zishyirwa ku nyamaswa), ni ngombwa kumenya ingano y’ingufu za RF zinjira mu mubiri n’aho zijya. Ntushobora gusa kuzunguza telefoni yawe imbere y’inyamaswa nk’isoko yo kwishyiramo (ariko bamwe mu bashakashatsi barabikora). Ku bushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bukomeye, nk’ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa muri gahunda y’igihugu y’uburozi ku bijyanye no kwishyiramo ingufu za RF mu buzima bwose mu mbeba, nta bundi buryo bushoboka bwo gupima dosimeteri yanditswe.
Utekereza ko kuki hari impungenge nyinshi zikomeje ku birebana n'imirasire idafite insinga ku buryo abantu bapima urugero rw'imirasire mu ngo zabo?

Foster: Kumenya ibyago ni ikintu kigoye. Ibiranga imirasire ya radiyo akenshi bitera impungenge. Ntushobora kubibona, nta sano iri hagati yo kwigaragaza n'ingaruka zitandukanye bamwe bahangayikishwa nazo, abantu bakunda kwitiranya ingufu za radiyo (kudashyira iyoni mu kirere, bivuze ko fotoni zayo ari nke cyane ku buryo zitabasha guca imigozi ya shimi) n'imirasire ya X ishyira iyoni mu kirere, nibindi. Imirasire (iteye akaga cyane). Bamwe bizera ko "bafite ubushobozi bwo kumva" imirasire idafite insinga, nubwo abahanga mu bya siyansi batashoboye kugaragaza ubwo buhanga mu bushakashatsi bukozwe neza kandi bugenzurwa. Bamwe bumva babangamiwe n'umubare munini w'antene zikoreshwa mu itumanaho ridafite insinga. Inyandiko za siyansi zikubiyemo raporo nyinshi zijyanye n'ubuzima zifite ubuziranenge butandukanye aho umuntu ashobora kubona inkuru iteye ubwoba. Bamwe mu bahanga mu bya siyansi bemeza ko hashobora kuba hari ikibazo cy'ubuzima (nubwo ikigo cy'ubuzima cyasanze kitari gifite impungenge nyinshi ariko kivuga ko hakenewe "ubushakashatsi bwinshi". Urutonde rurakomeza.

Isuzuma ry’isura rigira uruhare muri ibi. Abaguzi bashobora kugura ibikoresho bipima RF bihendutse ariko byoroheje cyane no gusuzuma ibimenyetso bya RF mu bidukikije, muri byo hari byinshi. Bimwe muri ibi bikoresho "bikanda" mu gihe bipima imivuduko ya radiyo iva mu bikoresho nka Wi-Fi, kandi bizasa nka kantara ya Geiger iri mu cyuma cya nucleus ku isi. Biteye ubwoba. Bimwe mu bipimo bya RF nabyo bigurishwa mu guhiga abazimu, ariko iyi ni porogaramu itandukanye.
Umwaka ushize, Ikinyamakuru cy’Ubuvuzi cya British Medical Journal cyatangaje icyifuzo cyo guhagarika ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya 5G kugeza igihe hamenyekanye umutekano w’ikoranabuhanga. Utekereza iki kuri izi hamagara? Utekereza ko zizafasha kumenyesha igice cy’abaturage bahangayikishijwe n’ingaruka z’ikwirakwizwa rya RF ku buzima, cyangwa zigatera urujijo? Foster: Urimo kuvuga ku gitekerezo cyanditswe na [umuhanga mu by’indwara z’ibyorezo John] Frank, kandi sinshyigikiye byinshi muri byo. Inzego nyinshi z’ubuzima zasuzumye siyansi zasabye gusa ko hakorwa ubushakashatsi bwinshi, ariko nibura kimwe - inama y’ubuzima yo mu Buholandi - cyasabye ko hahagarara ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya 5G yo mu rwego rwo hejuru kugeza igihe hakozwe ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku mutekano. Izi nama zizakurura abantu benshi (nubwo HCN nayo ibona ko bidashoboka ko hari impungenge ku buzima).
Mu nyandiko ye, Frank yanditse ati: "Imbaraga zigaragara mu bushakashatsi bwa laboratwari zigaragaza [imiyoboro ya elegitoroniki ya radiyo] ingaruka mbi za RF-EMF ku binyabuzima."

Icyo ni cyo kibazo: hari ibihumbi by’ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka za RF mu nyandiko. Incamake, akamaro k’ubuzima, ireme ry’ubushakashatsi n’urwego rw’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo byaratandukanye cyane. Inyinshi muri zo zavuze ko hari ingaruka runaka, ku nshuro zose no ku rwego rwose rw’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo. Ariko, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwari bufite ibyago bikomeye byo kugira urwikekwe (dosimetri idahagije, kutagira ubwitonzi, ingano nto y’ingero, nibindi) kandi ubushakashatsi bwinshi ntibwari buhuje n’ubundi. "Imbaraga z’ubushakashatsi zigaragara" ntabwo zisobanura neza ubu bushakashatsi. Frank agomba kwishingikiriza ku isuzuma ryimbitse rivuye mu nzego z’ubuzima. Ibi byagiye binanirwa kubona ibimenyetso by’ingaruka mbi z’ibice bya RF biri mu kirere.
Frank yinubiye ku kutumvikana mu kiganiro cya "5G" mu ruhame -- ariko yakoze ikosa nk'iryo kuko atavuze imirongo ya frequence ubwo yavugaga kuri 5G. Mu by'ukuri, 5G ifite umurongo muto n'umurongo wo hagati ikora ku mirongo yegereye imirongo ya cellular iriho ubu kandi isa nkaho nta kibazo gishya ifite. 5G ifite umurongo munini ikora ku mirongo iri munsi gato ya mmWave, guhera kuri 30 GHz. Hari ubushakashatsi buke bwakozwe ku ngaruka za biyoloji muri iyi mirongo, ariko ingufu zinjira mu ruhu gake, kandi inzego z'ubuzima ntizagaragaje impungenge ku mutekano wayo ku rugero rusanzwe rwo kuyikoresha.
Frank ntiyasobanuye ubushakashatsi yashakaga gukora mbere yo gushyira ahagaragara "5G," icyo yashakaga kuvuga cyose. [FCC] isaba ababifitiye uburenganzira kubahiriza imipaka yayo yo kwanduzanya, isa n'iyo mu bindi bihugu byinshi. Nta rugero na rumwe rubaho rwo gusuzuma ikoranabuhanga rishya rya RF mbere yo kwemezwa, bishobora gusaba ubushakashatsi bwinshi. Niba amabwiriza ya FCC atari meza, agomba guhinduka.

Kugira ngo ubone isesengura rirambuye ry’ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka za 5G ku binyabuzima, reba inyandiko ya [Ken] Karipidis, yasanze "nta gihamya ifatika igaragaza ko imiterere ya RF iri hejuru ya 6 GHz, nk'ikoreshwa n'imiyoboro ya 5G, yangiza ubuzima bw'abantu. Iri suzuma ryasabye kandi ubushakashatsi bwinshi."
Inyandiko za siyansi ziravangavanze, ariko kugeza ubu, inzego z’ubuzima nta bimenyetso bifatika byagaragaye byerekana ingaruka mbi ku buzima zituruka mu bice by’umubiri bya RF. Ariko mu by’ukuri, inyandiko za siyansi ku ngaruka za mmWave ni ntoya, hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bugera ku 100, kandi bufite ireme ritandukanye.
Leta yinjiza amafaranga menshi mu kugurisha ikoranabuhanga rya 5G, kandi ikwiye gushora amwe muri yo mu bushakashatsi ku buzima bwiza, cyane cyane ikoranabuhanga rya 5G rigezweho. Ku bwanjye, mpangayikishijwe cyane n'ingaruka zishobora guterwa no kumara igihe kinini ukoresha ikoranabuhanga ku mikurire y'umwana no ku bibazo by'ubuzima bwite.
Ese hari uburyo bwiza bwo gukora akazi ka dosimetri? Niba ari byo, ni izihe ngero zishimishije cyangwa zitanga icyizere kurusha izindi?

Foster: Birashoboka ko intambwe nyamukuru iri mu gupima imiterere y'umubiri hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa FDTD (uburyo bwo gupima imiterere y'igihe runaka) n'imibare y'umubiri hashingiwe ku mashusho y'ubuvuzi afite ubushobozi bwo hejuru. Ibi bituma habaho kubara neza cyane uburyo umubiri ukoresha ingufu za RF zituruka ahantu hose. Gupima imiterere y'umubiri byatanze ubuzima bushya ku buvuzi busanzwe, nka hyperthermia ikoreshwa mu kuvura kanseri, kandi byatumye habaho iterambere ry'uburyo bwiza bwo gufata amashusho ya MRI n'ubundi buryo bwinshi bwo kuvura.
Michael Koziol ni umwanditsi wungirije muri IEEE Spectrum, akaba akurikirana ibijyanye n'itumanaho. Yarangije muri Kaminuza ya Seattle afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu Cyongereza na Fiziki, ndetse afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu itangazamakuru rya siyansi muri Kaminuza ya New York.
Mu 1992, Asad M. Madni yafashe umwanya wa BEI Sensors and Controls, agenzura ibicuruzwa byari birimo sensors zitandukanye n'ibikoresho byo kuyobora ibintu bidafite ingufu, ariko byari bifite abakiriya bake—cyane cyane inganda z'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byo mu kirere n'iby'ingabo.

Intambara y'Ubutita yararangiye kandi inganda z'ingabo za Amerika zirasenyuka. Kandi ubucuruzi ntibuzongera kumera neza vuba. BEI yagombaga kumenya vuba no gukurura abakiriya bashya.
Kubona aba bakiriya bisaba kureka uburyo bwa mechanical inertial sensor systems bw’ikigo, ahubwo ugahitamo ikoranabuhanga rishya rya quartz ritaramenyekana, ugahindura uruganda rukora sensors zihenze ibihumbi mirongo ku mwaka, rugatanga sensors zihenze cyane.
Madni yakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ibigereho kandi yageze ku ntsinzi irenze iyo umuntu yatekerezaga kuri GyroChip. Iyi sensor ihendutse yo gupima ibipimo ni yo ya mbere mu bwoko bwayo ishyizwe mu modoka, ituma sisitemu zo kugenzura umutekano w’imodoka (ESC) zishobora kubona inyerera no gukoresha feri kugira ngo hirindwe ko imodoka zigenda zigwa. Kubera ko ESC zashyizwe mu modoka nshya zose mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu kuva mu 2011 kugeza 2015, izi sisitemu zarokoye ubuzima bw’abantu 7.000 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gusa, nk’uko bivugwa n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe umutekano w’imodoka zo mu muhanda.
Ibikoresho bikomeje kuba ingenzi mu ndege nyinshi z’ubucuruzi n’iz’abikorera ku giti cyabo, ndetse na sisitemu zo kugenzura umutekano w’ibikoresho bya misile bya Amerika. Byanageze no kuri Mars nk’igice cya Pathfinder Sojourner rover.
Inshingano ubu: Porofeseri wungirije muri UCLA; Perezida w’ikiruhuko cy’izabukuru, Umuyobozi Mukuru n’Umuyobozi Mukuru wa BEI Technologies

Amashuri: 1968, RCA College; Bachelor of Science, 1969 na 1972, MS, UCLA, byombi mu by'amashanyarazi; Ph.D., Kaminuza ya California Coast, 1987
Intwari: Muri rusange, data yanyigishije uburyo bwo kwiga, uburyo bwo kuba umuntu, n'icyo urukundo, impuhwe, no kwishyira mu mwanya w'abandi bisobanura; mu buhanzi, Michelangelo; mu bumenyi, Albert Einstein; mu ikoranabuhanga. Muri, Claude Shannon
Umuziki ukunzwe cyane: Mu muziki wo mu Burengerazuba, Beatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; umuziki wo mu Burasirazuba, Ghazals
Abagize ikigo: IEEE Life Fellow; Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubwubatsi rya Amerika; Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubwubatsi rya UK; Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubwubatsi rya Kanada
Igihembo cy'ingirakamaro cyane: Umudari w'icyubahiro wa IEEE: "Umusanzu w'ibanze mu iterambere no mu bucuruzi bw'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo kumenya no gusesengura ibintu, n'ubuyobozi bwiza bw'ubushakashatsi"; Abarangije muri UCLA b'Umwaka wa 2004
Madni yahawe umudari w'icyubahiro wa IEEE wo mu 2022 kubera GyroChip yatangije, hamwe n'izindi nkunga mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga n'ubuyobozi bw'ubushakashatsi.
Ubuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi ntabwo ari wo mwuga wa mbere Madni yahisemo. Yifuzaga kuba umuhanga mu by'ubuhanzi n'umushushanyi mwiza. Ariko ubukungu bw'umuryango we i Mumbai, mu Buhinde (icyo gihe Mumbai) mu myaka ya 1950 na 1960 bwamuhinduye injeniyeri—cyane cyane ikoranabuhanga, bitewe n'uko yashishikajwe n'udushya dushya twagaragaye muri radiyo zikoresha transistor. Mu 1966, yimukiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kwiga ikoranabuhanga muri RCA College mu Mujyi wa New York, yashinzwe mu ntangiriro za 1900 kugira ngo ahugure abakoresha insinga n'abatekinisiye.
Madeney yagize ati: "Ndifuza kuba injeniyeri ushobora guhanga ibintu, kandi ngakora ibintu bizagira ingaruka ku bantu. Kuko niba ntashobora kugira ingaruka ku bantu, numva ko umwuga wanjye utazagerwaho."

Madni yinjiye muri UCLA mu 1969 afite impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu ikoranabuhanga ry’amashanyarazi nyuma y’imyaka ibiri muri gahunda y’ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki muri RCA College. Yakomeje gukurikirana impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza n’impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga, akoresheje uburyo bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso by’ikoranabuhanga na reflekometriya y’amajwi kugira ngo asesengure sisitemu z’itumanaho mu bushakashatsi bwe ku bijyanye n’insanganyamatsiko. Mu gihe cy’amasomo ye, yakoze kandi nk’umwarimu muri Kaminuza ya Pacific State, akora mu gucunga ibikoresho mu iduka rya Beverly Hills David Orgell, ndetse akora nk’umuhanga mu gushushanya ibikoresho bya mudasobwa muri Pertec.
Hanyuma, mu 1975, amaze gusezerana kandi abisabwe n'uwahoze ari umunyeshuri bigana, yasabye akazi mu ishami rya Systron Donner rishinzwe gukora micro-onde.
Madni yatangiye gushushanya icyuma cya mbere ku isi gipima imiterere y’amajwi gifite ububiko bw’ikoranabuhanga muri Systron Donner. Ntabwo yari yarigeze akoresha icyuma gipima imiterere y’amajwi mbere y’aho—icyo gihe cyari gihenze cyane—ariko yari azi neza inyigisho ku buryo yashoboraga kwemera akazi. Hanyuma yamaze amezi atandatu agerageza, agira ubunararibonye mu gukoresha igikoresho mbere yo kugerageza kugihindura.
Uyu mushinga wafashe imyaka ibiri, nk'uko Madni abivuga, watumye abona patenti eshatu z'ingenzi, atangira "kuzamuka mu bintu binini kandi byiza." Yanamwigishije gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati y'"icyo bivuze kugira ubumenyi mu by'imitekerereze no gucuruza ikoranabuhanga rishobora gufasha abandi," nk'uko yabitangaje.

Dushobora kandi guhindura ibice bya rf passive hakurikijwe ibyo ukeneye. Ushobora kwinjira ku ipaji yo guhindura kugira ngo utange ibisobanuro ukeneye.
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