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Urubuga rwa IEEE rushyira kuki kubikoresho byawe kugirango ubashe kuguha uburambe bwiza bwabakoresha. Ukoresheje urubuga rwacu, wemera gushyira kuki.Ku kwiga byinshi, nyamuneka soma Politiki Yibanga yacu.

Inzobere zikomeye muri dosiye ya RF ikuraho ububabare bwa 5G - kandi itandukaniro riri hagati yo guhura na dose

Kenneth R. Foster afite uburambe bwimyaka myinshi yiga imirasire yumurongo wa radio (RF) ningaruka zabyo kuri sisitemu yibinyabuzima.Ubu, yanditse ubushakashatsi bushya kuriyi ngingo hamwe nabandi bashakashatsi babiri, Marvin Ziskin na Quirino Balzano. Dukurikije hamwe, uko ari batatu (bose bakodesha IEEE) bafite uburambe burenga ikinyejana kuriyi ngingo.
Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru mpuzamahanga cy’ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije n’ubuzima rusange muri Gashyantare, bwarebye mu myaka 75 ishize ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku isuzuma ry’imikorere ya RF hamwe na dosimetry.Muriyo, abanditsi banditse basobanuye intera iri terambere ryateye n'impamvu babona ko ari inkuru y’ubumenyi.
IEEE Spectrum yavuganye binyuze kuri imeri hamwe numwarimu wa kaminuza ya Pennsylvania emeritus Foster.Twifuzaga kumenya byinshi kubyerekeranye nubushakashatsi bwakozwe na RF bwerekana neza ko bigenda neza, niki gituma dosimetrie ya RF igorana, nimpamvu impungenge zabaturage kubibazo byubuzima n’imirasire itagira umuyaga bitigera bisa nkaho bivaho.
Kubatamenyereye itandukaniro, ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yo guhura na dose?

Kenneth Foster: Mu rwego rwumutekano wa RF, kwerekanwa bivuga umurima uri hanze yumubiri, naho dose bivuga imbaraga zinjizwa mumyanya yumubiri. Byombi nibyingenzi mubikorwa byinshi - urugero, ubuvuzi, ubuzima bwakazi, nubushakashatsi bwumutekano wa elegitoroniki.
"Kugira ngo usuzume neza ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka zishingiye ku binyabuzima bya 5G, reba ingingo ya [Ken] Karipidis, yasanze 'nta kimenyetso gifatika cyerekana ko imirima yo mu rwego rwo hasi ya RF iri hejuru ya 6 GHz, nk'iyakoreshejwe n'imiyoboro ya 5G, yangiza ubuzima bw'abantu.' "" - Kenneth R. Foster, Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania
Umurezi: Gupima imirima ya RF mumwanya wubusa ntabwo ari ikibazo.Ikibazo nyacyo kivuka mubihe bimwe na bimwe ni ihinduka ryinshi ry’imiterere ya RF.Urugero, abahanga benshi barimo gukora iperereza ku nzego z’umurima wa RF mu bidukikije kugira ngo bakemure ibibazo by’ubuzima rusange. Urebye umubare munini w’amasoko ya RF mu bidukikije ndetse no kwangirika kwihuse kw’umurima wa RFI ku buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, ntabwo ari ikibazo cyoroshye ku bantu ku giti cyabo.

Mugihe wowe hamwe nabanditsi bawe banditse inyandiko yawe ya IJERPH, wari intego yawe yo kwerekana intsinzi nimbogamizi za dosimetricike zubushakashatsi bwakozwe mugusuzuma? Umurezi: Intego yacu nukwerekana intambwe ishimishije ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mugusuzuma bwakozwe mumyaka yashize, bwiyongereyeho byinshi mubushakashatsi bwingaruka zishingiye kubinyabuzima bwumurongo wa radiyo kandi byateye imbere cyane mubuhanga bwubuvuzi.
Ni bangahe ibikoresho muri utwo turere byateye imbere? Urashobora kumbwira ibikoresho wasangaga utangira umwuga wawe, urugero, ugereranije nibiboneka muri iki gihe? Nigute ibikoresho byanonosowe bigira uruhare mugutsinda kw'isuzuma ryerekanwe?
Umurezi: Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mugupima imirima ya RF mubushakashatsi bwubuzima n’umutekano bigenda biba bito kandi bigakomera.Ni nde watekereje mu myaka mike ishize ko ibikoresho byo mu murima w’ubucuruzi byahinduka imbaraga zihagije ku buryo byazanwa ku kazi, bifite ubushobozi bwo gupima imirima ya RF bikomeye bihagije ku buryo bishobora guteza akaga ku kazi, nyamara bikumva bihagije kugira ngo bipime imirima idakomeye biva kuri antenne ya kure? Muri icyo gihe, menya neza ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso bikomoka?
Bigenda bite iyo tekinoroji idafite umugozi yimukiye mumirongo mishya-urugero, milimetero na terahertz umuraba wa selile, cyangwa 6 GHz kuri Wi-Fi?
Umurezi: Na none, ikibazo gifitanye isano nuburyo bugoye bwo kwerekana ibintu, ntabwo ari ibikoresho.Urugero, sitasiyo nini ya 5G ya base ya sitasiyo ya selile isohora imirishyo myinshi inyura mumwanya.Ibyo bituma bigora kubara umubare wabantu bahura nimbuga za selile kugirango barebe ko guhura ari byiza (nkuko bisanzwe burigihe).
Ati: "Njye ku giti cyanjye mpangayikishijwe cyane n'ingaruka zishobora guterwa igihe kinini cyo kwerekana ku iterambere ry'umwana no ku bibazo by’ibanga." - Kenneth R. Foster, Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania

Niba isuzuma ryerekana ari ikibazo cyakemutse, niki gituma gusimbuka muri dosimetrie nyayo bigoye? Niki gituma icyambere cyoroha cyane kuruta icya nyuma?
Umurezi: Dosimetry iragoye kuruta gusuzuma isuzuma. Muri rusange ntushobora kwinjiza iperereza rya RF mumubiri wumuntu.Hari impamvu nyinshi zishobora gutuma ukenera aya makuru, nko mubuvuzi bwa hyperthermia kugirango uvure kanseri, aho tissue igomba gushyuha kugeza kurwego rwihariye. Shyushya bike kandi nta nyungu zo kuvura, cyane kandi uzatwika umurwayi.
Urashobora kumbwira byinshi kubyerekeranye nuburyo dosimetry ikorwa uyumunsi? Niba udashobora kwinjiza iperereza mumubiri wumuntu, nikihe kintu cyiza gikurikira?
Umurezi: Nibyiza gukoresha metero za kera za RF kugirango bapime imirima mukirere mubikorwa bitandukanye.Ibi birumvikana ko bigenda kumurimo wumutekano wakazi, aho ukeneye gupima imirima yumurongo wa radiyo iboneka kumibiri yabakozi. Kubijyanye na hyperthermie ivuriro, urashobora gukenera guhambira abarwayi bafite ubushakashatsi bwumuriro, ariko dosimetry yo kubara yatezimbere cyane muburyo bwo gupima amarozi yubushakashatsi kandi biganisha kuri tekinoroji ya biologiya. antenne zashyizwe ku nyamaswa), ni ngombwa kumenya ingufu za RF zinjira mu mubiri n'aho zijya.Ntushobora kuzunguza terefone yawe imbere y’inyamaswa nk’isoko ryerekana (ariko abashakashatsi bamwe barabikora) .Ku bushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bukomeye, nk’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na National National Toxicology Program bwerekana ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku buzima bwa RF mu mbeba, nta bundi buryo bushoboka bwo kubara dosiye.
Kuki utekereza ko hari impungenge nyinshi zikomeje kubijyanye nimirasire idafite abantu kuburyo abantu bapima urwego murugo?

Umurezi: Imyumvire ishobora guterwa nubucuruzi bugoye.Ibiranga imirasire ya radio akenshi bitera impungenge.Ntushobora kubibona, nta sano ihari iri hagati yo guhura ningaruka zitandukanye abantu bamwe bahangayikishijwe, abantu bakunda kwitiranya ingufu za radiyo yumurongo wa radiyo (non-ionizing, bivuze ko fotone zayo zifite intege nke cyane kugirango ziveho imishwarara ya X), nubwo imirasire ikabije kandi idafite imbaraga. ubushakashatsi. Abantu bamwe bumva babangamiwe numubare wa antenne ukoreshwa hose mu itumanaho ridafite insinga. Ubuvanganzo bwa siyansi bukubiyemo raporo nyinshi zijyanye n’ubuzima zerekana ubuziranenge butandukanye umuntu ashobora kubona inkuru iteye ubwoba. Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko hashobora kubaho rwose ikibazo cy’ubuzima (nubwo ikigo cy’ubuzima cyasanze nta mpungenge nke bafite ariko bakavuga ko hakenewe "ubushakashatsi bwinshi") .Urutonde rukomeza.

Isuzumabumenyi ryerekana uruhare muri ibi. Abaguzi barashobora kugura ibyuma bya RF bihendutse ariko byunvikana cyane kandi bagakora iperereza ku bimenyetso bya RF mu bidukikije, muri byo hakaba harimo byinshi. Bimwe muri ibyo bikoresho "kanda" kuko bipima impanuka ya radiyo ivuye mu bikoresho nka Wi-Fi, kandi bizumvikana nka konte ya Geiger mu mashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi ku isi.bisanzwe.
Umwaka ushize, Ikinyamakuru cy’ubuvuzi cyo mu Bwongereza cyasohoye umuhamagaro wo guhagarika kohereza 5G kugeza igihe umutekano w’ikoranabuhanga wamenyekanye. Uratekereza iki kuri guhamagarwa? Uratekereza ko bizafasha kumenyesha igice cy’abaturage bahangayikishijwe n’ingaruka z’ubuzima ziterwa na RFI, cyangwa bitera urujijo rwinshi? Umurezi: Uravuga ku gitekerezo cyatanzwe na [epidemiologue John] Frank, kandi sinemeranya na benshi mu bigo nderabuzima byita ku buzima, ariko byahamagariye benshi mu bigo nderabuzima byita ku buzima, ariko byasabye ko hashyirwaho byinshi mu bigo by’ubuzima byita ku buzima. kuri moratorium ku itangizwa rya bande ya 5G kugeza hakozwe ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku mutekano.Iyi nama ntizabura gukurura rubanda (nubwo HCN nayo ibona ko bidashoboka ko hari ibibazo byubuzima).
Mu kiganiro cye, Frank yaranditse ati: "Imbaraga zigaragara mu bushakashatsi bwa laboratoire zerekana ko [radiyo-yumurongo wa elegitoroniki ya elegitoroniki] yangiza ibinyabuzima byangiza RF-EMF."

Nicyo kibazo: hariho ibihumbi n'ibihumbi ubushakashatsi bwibinyabuzima bya RF mubitabo. Iherezo, akamaro k'ubuzima, ireme ry'ubushakashatsi hamwe n'urwego rwerekanwe bitandukanye cyane.Benshi muribo bavuze ko hari ingaruka runaka, kuri frequence zose ndetse no murwego rwose rwo kwerekana.Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagize ibyago byinshi byo kubogama (dosimetrie idahagije, kubura impumyi, ingano ntoya, nibindi) kandi ubushakashatsi bwinshi ntabwo bwari buhuye nubushakashatsi bwimbitse. ibimenyetso bigaragara byingaruka mbi zumurima wa RF.
Frank yinubiye ko bidahuye mu kuganira ku mugaragaro "5G" - ariko yakoze ikosa nk'iryo atavuze imirongo ya radiyo igihe yerekezaga kuri 5G.Mu byukuri, itsinda rito na bande hagati ya 5G rikorera kuri radiyo yegereye imirongo ya selile igezweho kandi ntabwo bigaragara ko rigaragaza ibibazo bishya byerekanwa. Itsinda rinini rya 5G rikorera kuri radiyo nkeya munsi y’urwego rw’ubuzima, guhera kuri 30 GHz. ntabwo yazamuye impungenge z'umutekano wacyo kurwego rusanzwe.
Frank ntiyasobanuye ubushakashatsi yashakaga gukora mbere yo gushyira ahagaragara "5G," icyo yashakaga kuvuga. [FCC] isaba abahawe uruhushya gukurikiza imipaka y’imurikagurisha ryayo, risa n’ibindi bihugu byinshi. Nta terambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rishya rya RF ryasuzumwa mu buryo butaziguye n'ingaruka z’ubuzima bwa RFI mbere yo kwemezwa, niba rishobora gukurikiranwa n’ubushakashatsi butagira iherezo. Niba ibihano bya FCC bidafite umutekano, bigomba guhinduka.

Ushaka kumenya birambuye ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z’ibinyabuzima 5G, reba ingingo ya [Ken] Karipidis, yasanze "nta kimenyetso gifatika cyerekana ko imirima yo mu rwego rwo hasi ya RF iri hejuru ya 6 GHz, nk'iyakoreshejwe n'imiyoboro ya 5G, yangiza ubuzima bw'abantu. Iri suzuma ryasabye kandi ko hakorwa ubushakashatsi bwinshi.
Ubuvanganzo bwa siyansi buvanze, ariko kugeza ubu, ibigo nderabuzima ntibyabonye ibimenyetso bigaragara byerekana ingaruka z’ubuzima bituruka ku bidukikije bya RF.Ariko byanze bikunze, ibitabo bya siyansi ku ngaruka z’ibinyabuzima bya mmWave ni bito, bifite ubushakashatsi bugera ku 100, kandi bifite ireme.
Guverinoma yinjiza amafaranga menshi yo kugurisha imiyoboro ya 5G itumanaho, kandi igomba gushora amwe muri yo mu bushakashatsi bw’ubuzima bufite ireme, cyane cyane umurongo wa 5G. Umuntu ku giti cyanjye, mpangayikishijwe cyane n’ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’igihe kinini cyo kwerekana ku iterambere ry’abana n’ibibazo by’ibanga.
Hariho uburyo bunoze bwo gukora dosimetry? Niba aribyo, ni izihe ngero zishimishije cyangwa zitanga ikizere?

Umurezi: Birashoboka ko iterambere nyamukuru ari muri dosiye yo kubara hamwe no gushyiraho uburyo butandukanye bwo gutandukanya igihe (FDTD) hamwe nuburyo bwimibare yumubiri bushingiye kumashusho yubuvuzi bukomeye.Ibi bituma habaho kubara neza neza uburyo umubiri winjiza ingufu za RFI biva ahantu hose.
Michael Koziol ni umwanditsi wungirije muri IEEE Spectrum, akubiyemo ibice byose by'itumanaho. Ni umunyeshuri urangije kaminuza ya Seattle afite impamyabumenyi ya BA mu cyongereza na fiziki, na MA mu bumenyi bw'itangazamakuru muri kaminuza ya New York.
Mu 1992, Asad M. Madni yafashe umuyobozi wa BEI Sensors and Controls, agenzura umurongo wibicuruzwa birimo sensor zitandukanye hamwe nibikoresho byo kugendana inertial, ariko bifite abakiriya bato-cyane cyane inganda zo mu kirere no kurinda ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.

Intambara y'ubutita yarangiye kandi inganda z’ingabo z’Amerika zarasenyutse.Kandi ubucuruzi ntibuzakira vuba.BEI yari ikeneye kumenya vuba no gukurura abakiriya bashya.
Kugura aba bakiriya bisaba gucukumbura sisitemu yubukorikori bwa sanseri ya sosiyete kugirango ikoreshe tekinoloji nshya ya quartz idafite gihamya, miniaturizasi ya sensor ya quartz, no guhindura uruganda rukora ibihumbi icumi bya sensor zihenze kumwaka kugirango zitange amamiriyoni ahendutse. uwakoze sensor.
Madni yasunikiraga cyane kugirango bibeho kandi ageze ku ntsinzi irenze iyo umuntu wese yatekerezaga kuri GyroChip.Iyi sensor ihendutse yo gupima inertial gupima ni iyambere mu iyinjizwa mu modoka, ituma sisitemu yo kugenzura itumanaho rya elegitoronike (ESC) itahura kunyerera no gukoresha feri kugirango ikumire. Ubuyobozi bushinzwe umutekano wo mu muhanda.
Ibikoresho bikomeje kuba intandaro yindege zitabarika zubucuruzi n’abikorera ku giti cyabo, ndetse na sisitemu yo kugenzura umutekano kuri sisitemu yo kuyobora misile yo muri Amerika.Yageze no kuri Mars mu rwego rwa Pathfinder Sojourner rover.
Uruhare rwubu: Nyakubahwa Porofeseri Adjunct muri UCLA; Perezida wacyuye igihe, Umuyobozi mukuru na CTO ya BEI Technologies

Uburezi: 1968, Ishuri RCA; BS, 1969 na 1972, MS, UCLA, haba mu mashanyarazi; Ph.D., kaminuza ya Californiya ya Coast, 1987
Intwari: Muri rusange, data yanyigishije uko niga, uko naba umuntu, nubusobanuro bwurukundo, impuhwe, nimpuhwe; mu buhanzi, Michelangelo; muri siyansi, Albert Einstein; mu buhanga Muri, Claude Shannon
Umuziki ukunzwe: Muri muzika yuburengerazuba, Beatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; Umuziki wiburasirazuba, Ghazals
Abagize ishyirahamwe: Mugenzi wa IEEE; Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubwubatsi muri Amerika; UK Royal Academy of Engineering; Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubwubatsi rya Kanada
Igihembo cyingirakamaro cyane: Umudari w'ishimwe wa IEEE: "Umusanzu w'ubupayiniya mu iterambere no gucuruza ibicuruzwa bishya byifashishwa mu buhanga bwa sisitemu, n'ubuyobozi bw'ubushakashatsi buhebuje"; Abanyeshuri barangije muri UCLA 2004
Madni yahawe umudari w'ishimwe wa 2022 IEEE kubera ubupayiniya bwa GyroChip, mu zindi ntererano mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga no kuyobora ubushakashatsi.
Ubwubatsi ntabwo bwari umwuga wa mbere wa Madni.Yifuzaga kuba umuhanzi-ushushanya neza.Ariko imiterere yumutungo wumuryango we i Mumbai, mubuhinde (icyo gihe Mumbai) mu myaka ya za 1950 na 1960 yamuhinduye ubwubatsi-cyane cyane ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, abikesheje ko ashishikajwe nudushya tugezweho twerekanwe mumaradiyo ya tristoriste mu mufuka muri kaminuza ya RCA mu mujyi wa New York mu mujyi wa New York.
Madeney ati: "Ndashaka kuba injeniyeri ushobora guhimba ibintu, kandi nkora ibintu bizagira ingaruka ku bantu. Kubera ko niba ntashobora kugira ingaruka ku bantu, ndumva umwuga wanjye utazuzuzwa."

Madni yinjiye muri UCLA mu 1969 afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n’amashanyarazi nyuma y’imyaka ibiri muri gahunda y’ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki muri kaminuza ya RCA.Yakomeje gukurikirana icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza n’icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza, akoresheje uburyo bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso bya digitale na frequency domain refometometrie kugira ngo asesengure sisitemu y’itumanaho ku bushakashatsi bwe bwa tewolojiya. Mu gihe cy’amasomo ye, yakoraga kandi nk'umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Pasifika ya David Orgell Hills. Pertec.
Hanyuma, mu 1975, aherutse gusezerana kandi abisabwe n’uwahoze bigana, yasabye akazi mu ishami rya microwave ya Systron Donner.
Madni yatangiye gushushanya abasesengura bwa mbere kwisi yose hamwe nububiko bwa digitale muri Systron Donner.Ntabwo yari yarigeze akoresha isesengura rya spekiteri mbere - byari bihenze cyane icyo gihe - ariko yari azi neza igitekerezo gihagije kugirango yiyemeze gukora ako kazi. Nyuma yamaze amezi atandatu yipimisha, yunguka ubunararibonye hamwe nigikoresho mbere yo kugerageza kugishushanya.
Uyu mushinga watwaye imyaka ibiri, nk'uko Madni akomeza abivuga, byatumye habaho patenti eshatu z'ingenzi, atangira "kuzamuka mu bintu binini kandi byiza." Yamwigishije kandi gushimira itandukaniro riri hagati y "icyo bisobanura kugira ubumenyi bw’imyumvire no gucuruza ikoranabuhanga rishobora gufasha abandi".

Turashobora kandi gutegekanya ibice bya rf bikurikije ibyo usabwa. Urashobora kwinjiza urupapuro rwihariye kugirango utange ibisobanuro ukeneye.
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